🧱 Arrays
12 Java concepts, each explained step by step with real code, a common trap and practice questions.
- Creating arraysnew int[5], array initializers {1,2,3}, fixed size.
- Indexing & lengthZero-based indexes, .length field (not a method).
- ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsExceptionAccessing index < 0 or >= length.
- Default element values0, false, '\u0000' or null depending on the element type.
- Iterating arraysIndex loops vs for-each.
- Arrays are objectsArray variables are references; assigning shares the same array.
- Copying arraysArrays.copyOf, System.arraycopy, clone() — shallow copies.
- Multi-dimensional & jagged arraysint[][] as array of arrays with different row lengths.
- The Arrays utility classsort, toString, deepToString, fill, equals, binarySearch, asList, stream.
- Comparing & printing arrays== and equals compare references; use Arrays.equals and Arrays.toString.
- Array covariance & ArrayStoreExceptionString[] is an Object[], so storing an Integer fails at runtime.
- Common array algorithmsSum, max, reverse, linear search, counting.